Vehicle interior systems having a curved cover glass with improved reliability and methods for forming the same

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a vehicle interior system are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the system includes a base with a curved surface, a cold-formed glass substrate with a thickness of 1.5 mm or less and a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater, and an adhesive between the curved surface and the glass substrate. Methods for forming such systems are also disclosed. The systems and methods include components and/or design modifications or methods for reducing stress in the adhesive.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2018/055,217, filed on Oct. 10, 2018, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/570,430 filed on Oct. 10, 2017, the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure relates to vehicle interior systems including glass and methods for forming the same, and more particularly to vehicle interior systems including a curved cover glass that is cold-formed or cold-bent with improved reliability and methods for forming the same.

Vehicle interiors include curved surfaces, which can incorporate displays and/or touch panel in such curved surfaces. The materials used to form such curved surfaces are typically limited to polymers, which do not exhibit the durability and optical performance as glass. As such, curved glass substrates are desirable, especially when used as covers for displays and/or touch panel. Existing methods of forming such curved glass substrates, such as thermal forming, have drawbacks including high cost, optical distortion, and surface marking. Accordingly, Applicant has identified a need for vehicle interior systems that can incorporate a curved glass substrate in a cost-effective manner and without problems typically associated with glass thermal forming processes. In addition, Applicant has identified a need for vehicle interior systems using structural adhesives while achieving improved product reliability and performance, and decreased propensity for flaws to propagate through areas of the adhesive having high stress levels.

SUMMARY

A first aspect of this disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system includes a base having a curved surface, a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate. The glass substrate of one or more embodiments comprises a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface. The glass substrate further includes a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width, where the thickness is 1.5 mm or less and the second major surface includes a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater. According to one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system further includes at least one stress-reduction component coupled to the glass substrate in a location that reduces an amount of adhesive stress in one or more areas of the adhesive.

A second aspect of this disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system includes a base having a curved surface, a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate. The glass substrate of one or more embodiments comprises a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface. The glass substrate further includes a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width, where the thickness is 1.5 mm or less and the second major surface includes a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater. According to one or more embodiments, the base and/or the second major surface includes a second radius of curvature that is greater than the first radius of curvature.

A third aspect of this disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system includes a base having a curved surface, a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate. The glass substrate of one or more embodiments comprises a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface. The glass substrate further includes a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width, where the thickness is 1.5 mm or less and the second major surface includes a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater. According to one or more embodiments, the second major surface comprises a second area having a hot-formed curved surface including a second radius of curvature.

Another aspect of the disclosure pertains to a method of forming a curved vehicle interior component. The method includes hot-forming a first area of a glass substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface to a first radius of curvature as measured on the second major surface, and cold-forming a second area of the glass substrate to a second radius of curvature as measured on the second major surface, the second area being different than the first area.

Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understanding the nature and character of the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiment(s), and together with the description serve to explain principles and operation of the various embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustration of a vehicle interior with vehicle interior systems according to one or more embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a side view illustration of a curved display including a glass substrate and a display module, according to one or more embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a side view illustration of the glass substrate used in the curved display of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 4 is a front perspective view illustration of the glass substrate of FIG. 3 ;

FIG. 5 is a detailed view illustration of an embodiment of the display module of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 6 is a detailed view illustration of an alternative embodiment of a display module;

FIG. 7 is a detailed view illustration of the curved display of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 8 is a process flow diagram of a method for forming the curved display according to one or more embodiments; and

FIG. 9 is an illustration of the method described in FIG. 8 .

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a process for forming a curved display, according to another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a process for forming a curved display, according to another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a detailed view of the process of FIG. 11 , according to another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a process for forming a curved display, according to another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a curved display, according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a side view of the curved display of FIG. 14 , according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIGS. 16A-16I are side views of a kit according to one or more embodiments.

FIGS. 17A-17I are side views of a kit according to one or more embodiments.

FIGS. 18A and 18B are side views of a kit according to one or more embodiments.

FIGS. 19A-19E are side view schematics illustrating one or more embodiments of a method for forming a curved display.

FIGS. 20A and 20B are side view schematics illustrating a curved cover glass and corresponding adhesive stress profile with and without a stress-reduction restraint according to one or more embodiments.

FIGS. 21A and 21B are side view schematics illustrating a curved cover glass and corresponding adhesive stress profile with and without a stress-reduction design modification to the cover glass according to one or more embodiments.

FIGS. 22A and 22B are side view schematics illustrating a curved cover glass with a hot-formed portion according to one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In general, a vehicle interior system may include a variety of different curved surfaces that are designed to be transparent, such as curved display surfaces, and the present disclosure provides articles and methods for forming these curved surfaces from a glass material. Forming curved vehicle surfaces from a glass material may provide a number of advantages compared to the typical curved plastic panels that are conventionally found in vehicle interiors. For example, glass is typically considered to provide enhanced functionality and user experience for many curved cover material applications, such as display applications and touch screen applications, compared to plastic cover materials.

While glass provides these benefits, curved glass articles are typically formed using hot forming processes. As discussed herein, a variety of curved glass articles and processes for making the same are provided that avoid the deficiencies of the typical glass hot-forming process. For example, hot-forming processes are energy intensive and increase the cost of forming a curved glass component, relative to the cold-bending process discussed herein. In addition, hot-forming processes typically make application of glass coating layers, such as anti-reflective coatings, significantly more difficult. For example, many coating materials cannot be applied to a flat piece of glass material prior to the hot-forming process because the coating material typically will not survive the high temperatures of the hot-forming process. Further, application of a coating material to surfaces of a curved glass substrate after hot-bending is substantially more difficult than application to a flat glass substrate. In addition, Applicant believes that by avoiding the additional high temperature heating steps needed for thermal forming, the glass articles produced via the cold-forming processes and systems discussed herein have improved optical properties and/or improved surface properties than similarly shaped glass articles made via thermal-shaping processes.

In addition to these advantages relative to plastic cover sheets and hot-formed glass cover sheets, Applicant has found that the systems and processes discussed herein specifically provide for cold-bending of thin, strengthened glass sheets in an economical and efficient process. As one example, Applicant has found that using air pressure (e.g., a vacuum or overpressure) to bend the glass sheet provides a fast and accurate way to conform the glass sheet to a curved device frame. Further, in some specific embodiments, the systems and processes discussed herein provide for bending and curing of bonding adhesive within common equipment and/or common processing steps. In addition, the processes and systems discussed herein may also allow for attachment of the display components to the glass cover sheet during bending utilizing common equipment and/or common processing steps.

A first aspect of the instant application pertains to a vehicle interior system. The various embodiments of the vehicle interior system may be incorporated into vehicles such as trains, automobiles (e.g., cars, trucks, buses and the like), seacraft (boats, ships, submarines, and the like), and aircraft (e.g., drones, airplanes, jets, helicopters and the like).

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary vehicle interior 10 that includes three different embodiments of a vehicle interior system 100, 200, 300. Vehicle interior system 100 includes a center console base 110 with a curved surface 120 including a curved display 130. Vehicle interior system 200 includes a dashboard base 210 with a curved surface 220 including a curved display 230. The dashboard base 210 typically includes an instrument panel 215 which may also include a curved display. Vehicle interior system 300 includes a dashboard steering wheel base 310 with a curved surface 320 and a curved display 330. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system may include a base that is an arm rest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor board, a headrest, a door panel, or any portion of the interior of a vehicle that includes a curved surface.

The embodiments of the curved display described herein can be used interchangeably in each of vehicle interior systems 100, 200 and 300. Further, the curved glass articles discussed herein may be used as curved cover glasses for any of the curved display embodiments discussed herein, including for use in vehicle interior systems 100, 200 and/or 300.

As shown in FIG. 2 , in one or more embodiments the curved display 130 includes cold-formed curved glass article or substrate 140 having a first radius of curvature and a display module 150 attached to the glass substrate, wherein at least a portion of the display module 150 has a second radius of curvature that approximates or matches the first radius of curvature, to provide a curved display with a curved glass substrate as a cover glass.

Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4 , the glass substrate 140 includes a first major surface 142 and a second major surface 144 opposite the first major surface. The cold-formed glass substrate exhibits the first radius of curvature as measured on the second major surface 144.

As used herein, the terms “cold-bent,” “cold-bending,” “cold-formed” or “cold-forming” refers to curving the glass substrate at a cold-form temperature which is less than the softening point of the glass (as described herein). A feature of a cold-formed glass substrate is asymmetric surface compressive between the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144. A minor surface 146 connects the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144. In one or more embodiments, prior to the cold-forming process or being cold-formed, the respective compressive stresses in the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144 of the glass substrate are substantially equal. In one or more embodiments in which the glass substrate is unstrengthened, the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144 exhibit no appreciable compressive stress, prior to cold-forming. In one or more embodiments in which the glass substrate is strengthened (as described herein), the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144 exhibit substantially equal compressive stress with respect to one another, prior to cold-forming. In one or more embodiments, after cold-forming (shown, for example, in FIGS. 2 and 7 , the compressive stress on the surface having a concave shape after bending (e.g., second major surface 144 in FIGS. 2 and 7 ) increases. In other words, the compressive stress on the concave surface (e.g., second major surface 144) is greater after cold-forming than before cold-forming. Without being bound by theory, the cold-forming process increases the compressive stress of the glass substrate being shaped to compensate for tensile stresses imparted during bending and/or forming operations. In one or more embodiments, the cold-forming process causes the concave surface (second major surface 144) to experience compressive stresses, while the surface forming a convex shape (i.e., the first major surface 142 in FIGS. 2 and 7 ) after cold-forming experiences tensile stresses. The tensile stress experienced by the convex (i.e., the first major surface 142) following cold-forming results in a net decrease in surface compressive stress, such that the compressive stress in convex surface (i.e., the first major surface 142) of a strengthened glass sheet following cold-forming is less than the compressive stress on the same surface (i.e., first major surface 142) when the glass sheet is flat.

When a strengthened glass substrate is utilized, the first major surface and the second major surface (142, 144) are already under compressive stress, and thus the first major surface can experience greater tensile stress during bending without risking fracture. This allows for the strengthened glass substrate to conform to more tightly curved surfaces.

In one or more embodiments, the thickness of the glass substrate is tailored to allow the glass substrate to be more flexible to achieve the desired radius of curvature. Moreover, a thinner glass substrate 140 may deform more readily, which could potentially compensate for shape mismatches and gaps that may be created by the shape of the display module 150. In one or more embodiments, a thin and strengthened glass substrate 140 exhibits greater flexibility especially during cold-forming. The greater flexibility of the glass substrates discussed herein may both allow for sufficient degrees of bending to be created via the air pressure-based bending processes as discussed herein and also for consistent bend formation without heating. In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate 140 and at least a portion of the display module 150 have substantially similar radii of curvature to provide a substantially uniform distance between the first major surface 142 and the display module 150 (which may be filled with an adhesive).

In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate and the curved display may have a compound curve including a major radius and a cross curvature. A complexly curved cold-formed glass substrate and the display according to one or more embodiments may have a distinct radius of curvature in two independent directions. According to one or more embodiments, the complexly curved cold-formed glass substrate and the curved display may thus be characterized as having “cross curvature,” where the cold-formed glass substrate and the curved display are curved along an axis (i.e., a first axis) that is parallel to a given dimension and also curved along an axis (i.e., a second axis) that is perpendicular to the same dimension. The curvature of the cold-formed glass substrate and the curved display can be even more complex when a significant minimum radius is combined with a significant cross curvature, and/or depth of bend.

In the embodiment shown, the glass substrate has a thickness (t) that is substantially constant and is defined as a distance between the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144. The thickness (t) as used herein refers to the maximum thickness of the glass substrate. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3-4 , the glass substrate includes a width (W) defined as a first maximum dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness (t), and a length (L) defined as a second maximum dimension of one of the first or second surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width. In other embodiments, the dimensions discussed herein may be average dimensions.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate has a thickness (t) that is about 1.5 mm or less. For example, the thickness may be in a range from about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.15 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.2 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.25 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.35 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.4 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.45 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.55 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.6 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.65 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.7 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.4 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.3 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.2 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.1 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.05 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.95 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.9 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.85 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.75 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.7 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.65 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.6 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.55 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.4 mm, or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate has a width (W) in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, from about 10 cm to about 250 cm, from about 15 cm to about 250 cm, from about 20 cm to about 250 cm, from about 25 cm to about 250 cm, from about 30 cm to about 250 cm, from about 35 cm to about 250 cm, from about 40 cm to about 250 cm, from about 45 cm to about 250 cm, from about 50 cm to about 250 cm, from about 55 cm to about 250 cm, from about 60 cm to about 250 cm, from about 65 cm to about 250 cm, from about 70 cm to about 250 cm, from about 75 cm to about 250 cm, from about 80 cm to about 250 cm, from about 85 cm to about 250 cm, from about 90 cm to about 250 cm, from about 95 cm to about 250 cm, from about 100 cm to about 250 cm, from about 110 cm to about 250 cm, from about 120 cm to about 250 cm, from about 130 cm to about 250 cm, from about 140 cm to about 250 cm, from about 150 cm to about 250 cm, from about 5 cm to about 240 cm, from about 5 cm to about 230 cm, from about 5 cm to about 220 cm, from about 5 cm to about 210 cm, from about 5 cm to about 200 cm, from about 5 cm to about 190 cm, from about 5 cm to about 180 cm, from about 5 cm to about 170 cm, from about 5 cm to about 160 cm, from about 5 cm to about 150 cm, from about 5 cm to about 140 cm, from about 5 cm to about 130 cm, from about 5 cm to about 120 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 100 cm, from about 5 cm to about 90 cm, from about 5 cm to about 80 cm, or from about 5 cm to about 75 cm.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate has a length (L) in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, from about 10 cm to about 250 cm, from about 15 cm to about 250 cm, from about 20 cm to about 250 cm, from about 25 cm to about 250 cm, from about 30 cm to about 250 cm, from about 35 cm to about 250 cm, from about 40 cm to about 250 cm, from about 45 cm to about 250 cm, from about 50 cm to about 250 cm, from about 55 cm to about 250 cm, from about 60 cm to about 250 cm, from about 65 cm to about 250 cm, from about 70 cm to about 250 cm, from about 75 cm to about 250 cm, from about 80 cm to about 250 cm, from about 85 cm to about 250 cm, from about 90 cm to about 250 cm, from about 95 cm to about 250 cm, from about 100 cm to about 250 cm, from about 110 cm to about 250 cm, from about 120 cm to about 250 cm, from about 130 cm to about 250 cm, from about 140 cm to about 250 cm, from about 150 cm to about 250 cm, from about 5 cm to about 240 cm, from about 5 cm to about 230 cm, from about 5 cm to about 220 cm, from about 5 cm to about 210 cm, from about 5 cm to about 200 cm, from about 5 cm to about 190 cm, from about 5 cm to about 180 cm, from about 5 cm to about 170 cm, from about 5 cm to about 160 cm, from about 5 cm to about 150 cm, from about 5 cm to about 140 cm, from about 5 cm to about 130 cm, from about 5 cm to about 120 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 100 cm, from about 5 cm to about 90 cm, from about 5 cm to about 80 cm, or from about 5 cm to about 75 cm.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate may be strengthened. In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate may be strengthened to include compressive stress that extends from a surface to a depth of compression (DOC). The compressive stress regions are balanced by a central portion exhibiting a tensile stress. At the DOC, the stress crosses from a positive (compressive) stress to a negative (tensile) stress.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate may be strengthened mechanically by utilizing a mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between portions of the article to create a compressive stress region and a central region exhibiting a tensile stress. In some embodiments, the glass substrate may be strengthened thermally by heating the glass to a temperature above the glass transition point and then rapidly quenching.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate may be chemically strengthening by ion exchange. In the ion exchange process, ions at or near the surface of the glass substrate are replaced by—or exchanged with—larger ions having the same valence or oxidation state. In those embodiments in which the glass substrate comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass, ions in the surface layer of the article and the larger ions are monovalent alkali metal cations, such as Li⁺, Na⁺, Rb⁺, and Cs⁺. Alternatively, monovalent cations in the surface layer may be replaced with monovalent cations other than alkali metal cations, such as Ag⁺ or the like. In such embodiments, the monovalent ions (or cations) exchanged into the glass substrate generate a stress.

Ion exchange processes are typically carried out by immersing a glass substrate in a molten salt bath (or two or more molten salt baths) containing the larger ions to be exchanged with the smaller ions in the glass substrate. It should be noted that aqueous salt baths may also be utilized. In addition, the composition of the bath(s) may include more than one type of larger ion (e.g., Na+ and K+) or a single larger ion. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that parameters for the ion exchange process, including, but not limited to, bath composition and temperature, immersion time, the number of immersions of the glass substrate in a salt bath (or baths), use of multiple salt baths, additional steps such as annealing, washing, and the like, are generally determined by the composition of the glass substrate (including the structure of the article and any crystalline phases present) and the desired DOC and CS of the glass substrate that results from strengthening. Exemplary molten bath composition may include nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides of the larger alkali metal ion. Typical nitrates include KNO₃, NaNO₃, LiNO₃, NaSO₄ and combinations thereof. The temperature of the molten salt bath typically is in a range from about 380° C. up to about 450° C., while immersion times range from about 15 minutes up to about 100 hours depending on glass substrate thickness, bath temperature and glass (or monovalent ion) diffusivity. However, temperatures and immersion times different from those described above may also be used.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrates may be immersed in a molten salt bath of 100% NaNO₃, 100% KNO₃, or a combination of NaNO₃ and KNO₃ having a temperature from about 370° C. to about 480° C. In some embodiments, the glass substrate may be immersed in a molten mixed salt bath including from about 5% to about 90% KNO₃ and from about 10% to about 95% NaNO₃. In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate may be immersed in a second bath, after immersion in a first bath. The first and second baths may have different compositions and/or temperatures from one another. The immersion times in the first and second baths may vary. For example, immersion in the first bath may be longer than the immersion in the second bath.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate may be immersed in a molten, mixed salt bath including NaNO₃ and KNO₃ (e.g., 49%/51%, 50%/50%, 51%/49%) having a temperature less than about 420° C. (e.g., about 400° C. or about 380° C.). for less than about 5 hours, or even about 4 hours or less.

Ion exchange conditions can be tailored to provide a “spike” or to increase the slope of the stress profile at or near the surface of the resulting glass substrate. The spike may result in a greater surface CS value. This spike can be achieved by single bath or multiple baths, with the bath(s) having a single composition or mixed composition, due to the unique properties of the glass compositions used in the glass substrates described herein.

In one or more embodiments, where more than one monovalent ion is exchanged into the glass substrate, the different monovalent ions may exchange to different depths within the glass substrate (and generate different magnitudes stresses within the glass substrate at different depths). The resulting relative depths of the stress-generating ions can be determined and cause different characteristics of the stress profile.

CS is measured using those means known in the art, such as by surface stress meter (FSM) using commercially available instruments such as the FSM-6000, manufactured by Orihara Industrial Co., Ltd. (Japan). Surface stress measurements rely upon the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the birefringence of the glass. SOC in turn is measured by those methods that are known in the art, such as fiber and four point bend methods, both of which are described in ASTM standard C770-98 (2013), entitled “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and a bulk cylinder method. As used herein CS may be the “maximum compressive stress” which is the highest compressive stress value measured within the compressive stress layer. In some embodiments, the maximum compressive stress is located at the surface of the glass substrate. In other embodiments, the maximum compressive stress may occur at a depth below the surface, giving the compressive profile the appearance of a “buried peak.”

DOC may be measured by FSM or by a scattered light polariscope (SCALP) (such as the SCALP-04 scattered light polariscope available from Glasstress Ltd., located in Tallinn Estonia), depending on the strengthening method and conditions. When the glass substrate is chemically strengthened by an ion exchange treatment, FSM or SCALP may be used depending on which ion is exchanged into the glass substrate. Where the stress in the glass substrate is generated by exchanging potassium ions into the glass substrate, FSM is used to measure DOC. Where the stress is generated by exchanging sodium ions into the glass substrate, SCALP is used to measure DOC. Where the stress in the glass substrate is generated by exchanging both potassium and sodium ions into the glass, the DOC is measured by SCALP, since it is believed the exchange depth of sodium indicates the DOC and the exchange depth of potassium ions indicates a change in the magnitude of the compressive stress (but not the change in stress from compressive to tensile); the exchange depth of potassium ions in such glass substrates is measured by FSM. Central tension or CT is the maximum tensile stress and is measured by SCALP.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate maybe strengthened to exhibit a DOC that is described a fraction of the thickness t of the glass substrate (as described herein). For example, in one or more embodiments, the DOC may be equal to or greater than about 0.05 t, equal to or greater than about 0.1 t, equal to or greater than about 0.11 t, equal to or greater than about 0.12 t, equal to or greater than about 0.13 t, equal to or greater than about 0.14 t, equal to or greater than about 0.15 t, equal to or greater than about 0.16 t, equal to or greater than about 0.17 t, equal to or greater than about 0.18 t, equal to or greater than about 0.19 t, equal to or greater than about 0.2 t, equal to or greater than about 0.21 t. In some embodiments, The DOC may be in a range from about 0.08 t to about 0.25 t, from about 0.09 t to about 0.25 t, from about 0.18 t to about 0.25 t, from about 0.11 t to about 0.25 t, from about 0.12 t to about 0.25 t, from about 0.13 t to about 0.25 t, from about 0.14 t to about 0.25 t, from about 0.15 t to about 0.25 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.24 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.23 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.22 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.21 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.2 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.19 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.18 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.17 t, from about 0.08 t to about 0.16 t, or from about 0.08 t to about 0.15 t. In some instances, the DOC may be about 20 μm or less. In one or more embodiments, the DOC may be about 40 μm or greater (e.g., from about 40 μm to about 300 μm, from about 50 μm to about 300 μm, from about 60 μm to about 300 μm, from about 70 μm to about 300 μm, from about 80 μm to about 300 μm, from about 90 μm to about 300 μm, from about 100 μm to about 300 μm, from about 110 μm to about 300 μm, from about 120 μm to about 300 μm, from about 140 μm to about 300 μm, from about 150 μm to about 300 μm, from about 40 μm to about 290 μm, from about 40 μm to about 280 μm, from about 40 μm to about 260 μm, from about 40 μm to about 250 μm, from about 40 μm to about 240 μm, from about 40 μm to about 230 μm, from about 40 μm to about 220 μm, from about 40 μm to about 210 μm, from about 40 μm to about 200 μm, from about 40 μm to about 180 μm, from about 40 μm to about 160 μm, from about 40 μm to about 150 μm, from about 40 μm to about 140 μm, from about 40 μm to about 130 μm, from about 40 μm to about 120 μm, from about 40 μm to about 110 μm, or from about 40 μm to about 100 μm.

In one or more embodiments, the strengthened glass substrate may have a CS (which may be found at the surface or a depth within the glass substrate) of about 200 MPa or greater, 300 MPa or greater, 400 MPa or greater, about 500 MPa or greater, about 600 MPa or greater, about 700 MPa or greater, about 800 MPa or greater, about 900 MPa or greater, about 930 MPa or greater, about 1000 MPa or greater, or about 1050 MPa or greater.

In one or more embodiments, the strengthened glass substrate may have a maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) of about 20 MPa or greater, about 30 MPa or greater, about 40 MPa or greater, about 45 MPa or greater, about 50 MPa or greater, about 60 MPa or greater, about 70 MPa or greater, about 75 MPa or greater, about 80 MPa or greater, or about 85 MPa or greater. In some embodiments, the maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) may be in a range from about 40 MPa to about 100 MPa.

Suitable glass compositions for use in the glass substrate include soda lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, boroaluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing aluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing borosilicate glass, and alkali-containing boroaluminosilicate glass.

Unless otherwise specified, the glass compositions disclosed herein are described in mole percent (mol %) as analyzed on an oxide basis.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include SiO₂ in an amount in a range from about 66 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 67 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 68 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 69 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 70 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 72 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 65 mol % to about 78 mol %, from about 65 mol % to about 76 mol %, from about 65 mol % to about 75 mol %, from about 65 mol % to about 74 mol %, from about 65 mol % to about 72 mol %, or from about 65 mol % to about 70 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Al₂O₃ in an amount greater than about 4 mol %, or greater than about 5 mol %. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Al₂O₃ in a range from greater than about 7 mol % to about 15 mol %, from greater than about 7 mol % to about 14 mol %, from about 7 mol % to about 13 mol %, from about 4 mol % to about 12 mol %, from about 7 mol % to about 11 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 15 mol %, from 9 mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 9 mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 11 mol % to about 15 mol %, or from about 12 mol % to about 15 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the upper limit of Al₂O₃ may be about 14 mol %, 14.2 mol %, 14.4 mol %, 14.6 mol %, or 14.8 mol %.

In one or more embodiments, the glass article is described as an aluminosilicate glass article or including an aluminosilicate glass composition. In such embodiments, the glass composition or article formed therefrom includes SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ and is not a soda lime silicate glass. In this regard, the glass composition or article formed therefrom includes Al₂O₃ in an amount of about 2 mol % or greater, 2.25 mol % or greater, 2.5 mol % or greater, about 2.75 mol % or greater, about 3 mol % or greater.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises B₂O₃ (e.g., about 0.01 mol % or greater). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises B₂O₃ in an amount in a range from about 0 mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 3 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 1 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 3 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 1 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of B₂O₃.

As used herein, the phrase “substantially free” with respect to the components of the composition means that the component is not actively or intentionally added to the composition during initial batching, but may be present as an impurity in an amount less than about 0.001 mol %.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition optionally comprises P₂O₅ (e.g., about 0.01 mol % or greater). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises a non-zero amount of P₂O₅ up to and including 2 mol %, 1.5 mol %, 1 mol %, or 0.5 mol %. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of P₂O₅.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include a total amount of R₂O (which is the total amount of alkali metal oxide such as Li₂O, Na₂O, K₂O, Rb₂O, and Cs₂O) that is greater than or equal to about 8 mol %, greater than or equal to about 10 mol %, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol %. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes a total amount of R₂O in a range from about 8 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 18 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 16 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 14 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 12 mol %, from about 9 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 11 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 12 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 13 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 14 mol %, or from 11 mol % to about 13 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of Rb₂O, Cs₂O or both Rb₂O and Cs₂O. In one or more embodiments, the R₂O may include the total amount of Li₂O, Na₂O and K₂O only. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may comprise at least one alkali metal oxide selected from Li₂O, Na₂O and K₂O, wherein the alkali metal oxide is present in an amount greater than about 8 mol % or greater.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Na₂O in an amount greater than or equal to about 8 mol %, greater than or equal to about 10 mol %, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol %. In one or more embodiments, the composition includes Na₂O in a range from about from about 8 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 18 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 16 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 14 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 12 mol %, from about 9 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 11 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 12 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 13 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 14 mol %, or from 11 mol % to about 16 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes less than about 4 mol % K₂O, less than about 3 mol % K₂O, or less than about 1 mol % K₂O. In some instances, the glass composition may include K₂O in an amount in a range from about 0 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 3.5 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 3 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 2.5 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 1.5 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 1 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 0.1 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 3.5 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 3 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 2.5 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 1.5 mol %, or from about 0.5 mol % to about 1 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of K₂O.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Li₂O.

In one or more embodiments, the amount of Na₂O in the composition may be greater than the amount of Li₂O. In some instances, the amount of Na₂O may be greater than the combined amount of Li₂O and K₂O. In one or more alternative embodiments, the amount of Li₂O in the composition may be greater than the amount of Na₂O or the combined amount of Na₂O and K₂O.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include a total amount of RO (which is the total amount of alkaline earth metal oxide such as CaO, MgO, BaO, ZnO and SrO) in a range from about 0 mol % to about 2 mol %. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes a non-zero amount of RO up to about 2 mol %. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises RO in an amount from about 0 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 1.6 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 1.5 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 1.4 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 1.2 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 1 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes CaO in an amount less than about 1 mol %, less than about 0.8 mol %, or less than about 0.5 mol %. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of CaO.

In some embodiments, the glass composition comprises MgO in an amount from about 0 mol % to about 7 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 6 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 7 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 6 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 7 mol %, from about 2 mol % to about 6 mol %, or from about 3 mol % to about 6 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises ZrO₂ in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol %, less than about 0.18 mol %, less than about 0.16 mol %, less than about 0.15 mol %, less than about 0.14 mol %, less than about 0.12 mol %. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises ZrO₂ in a range from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.18 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.16 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.15 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.14 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.12 mol %, or from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.10 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises SnO₂ in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol %, less than about 0.18 mol %, less than about 0.16 mol %, less than about 0.15 mol %, less than about 0.14 mol %, less than about 0.12 mol %. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises SnO2 in a range from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.18 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.16 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.15 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.14 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.12 mol %, or from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.10 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include an oxide that imparts a color or tint to the glass articles. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes an oxide that prevents discoloration of the glass article when the glass article is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Examples of such oxides include, without limitation oxides of: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ce, W, and Mo.

In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Fe expressed as Fe₂O₃, wherein Fe is present in an amount up to (and including) about 1 mol %. In some embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Fe. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe₂O₃ in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol %, less than about 0.18 mol %, less than about 0.16 mol %, less than about 0.15 mol %, less than about 0.14 mol %, less than about 0.12 mol %. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe₂O₃ in a range from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.18 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.16 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.15 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.14 mol %, from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.12 mol %, or from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.10 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

Where the glass composition includes TiO₂, TiO₂ may be present in an amount of about 5 mol % or less, about 2.5 mol % or less, about 2 mol % or less or about 1 mol % or less. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of TiO₂.

An exemplary glass composition includes SiO₂ in an amount in a range from about 65 mol % to about 75 mol %, Al₂O₃ in an amount in a range from about 8 mol % to about 14 mol %, Na₂O in an amount in a range from about 12 mol % to about 17 mol %, K₂O in an amount in a range of about 0 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, and MgO in an amount in a range from about 1.5 mol % to about 6 mol %. Optionally, SnO₂ may be included in the amounts otherwise disclosed herein.

In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate 140 has a curvature (first radius of curvature) that matches the curvature (second radius of curvature) of at least a portion of the display module 150. In one or more embodiments, at least a portion of the display module 150 is curved to approach or match the curvature of the cold-formed glass substrate 140. In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 includes a second glass substrate, a backlight unit and other components, any of which may be flexible or may permanently exhibit a curvature. In some embodiments, the entire display module is curved to a second radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate 140 is cold-formed to a curvature that approaches or matches the curvature of at least a portion of the display module 150. In one or more embodiments, at least a portion of the display module 150 is cold-formed to a curvature that approaches or matches the curvature of the cold-formed glass substrate 140.

As used herein, when the first radius of curvature of the glass substrate varies across its area, the radius of curvature referred to herein is the minimum first radius of curvature of the glass substrate. Similarly, when the second radius of curvature of the display module varies across its area, the second radius of curvature referred to herein is the minimum radius of curvature of the display module.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate 140 has a first radius of curvature of about 60 mm or greater. For example, the first radius of curvature may be in a range from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 70 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 80 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 90 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 100 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 120 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 140 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 150 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 160 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 180 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 200 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 220 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 240 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 250 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 260 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 270 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 280 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 290 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 300 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 350 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 400 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 450 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 500 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 550 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 600 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 650 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 700 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 750 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 800 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 900 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 9500 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 1250 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1400 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1300 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1200 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1100 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1000 mm, from about 60 mm to about 950 mm, from about 60 mm to about 900 mm, from about 60 mm to about 850 mm, from about 60 mm to about 800 mm, from about 60 mm to about 750 mm, from about 60 mm to about 700 mm, from about 60 mm to about 650 mm, from about 60 mm to about 600 mm, from about 60 mm to about 550 mm, from about 60 mm to about 500 mm, from about 60 mm to about 450 mm, from about 60 mm to about 400 mm, from about 60 mm to about 350 mm, from about 60 mm to about 300 mm, or from about 60 mm to about 250 mm.

In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 has a second radius of curvature of about 60 mm or greater. For example, the first radius of curvature may be in a range from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 70 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 80 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 90 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 100 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 120 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 140 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 150 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 160 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 180 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 200 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 220 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 240 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 250 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 260 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 270 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 280 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 290 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 300 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 350 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 400 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 450 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 500 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 550 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 600 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 650 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 700 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 750 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 800 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 900 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 9500 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 1250 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1400 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1300 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1200 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1100 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1000 mm, from about 60 mm to about 950 mm, from about 60 mm to about 900 mm, from about 60 mm to about 850 mm, from about 60 mm to about 800 mm, from about 60 mm to about 750 mm, from about 60 mm to about 700 mm, from about 60 mm to about 650 mm, from about 60 mm to about 600 mm, from about 60 mm to about 550 mm, from about 60 mm to about 500 mm, from about 60 mm to about 450 mm, from about 60 mm to about 400 mm, from about 60 mm to about 350 mm, from about 60 mm to about 300 mm, or from about 60 mm to about 250 mm.

In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate is cold-formed to exhibit a first radius curvature that is within 10% (e.g., about 10% or less, about 9% or less, about 8% or less, about 7% or less, about 6% or less, or about 5% or less) of the second radius of curvature of the display module 150. For example, if the display module 150 exhibits a radius of curvature of 1000 mmm, the glass substrate is cold-formed to have a radius of curvature in a range from about 900 mm to about 1100 mm.

In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 as shown in FIG. 5 and includes a second glass substrate 152 and a backlight unit 154. As shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 , the second glass substrate is disposed adjacent the first major surface 142 of the glass substrate. Accordingly, the second glass substrate 152 is disposed between the backlight unit 154 and the first major surface 142. In the embodiment shown, the backlight unit 154 is optionally curved to exhibit the second radius of curvature of the curved display 150. In one or more embodiments, the backlight unit 154 may be flexible to curve to the second radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate 152 may be curved to the second radius of curvature. In one or more specific embodiments, the second glass substrate may be cold-formed to exhibit the second radius of curvature. In such embodiments, the second radius of curvature is measured on the surface of the second glass substrate 152 adjacent the glass substrate 140. In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 (including any one or more of the backlight unit, the second glass substrate, and the frame) are permanently curved to the second radius of curvature of the curved display 150. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate may be cold-formed before or during lamination.

In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate may have a thickness greater than the thickness of the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the thickness is greater than 1 mm, or about 1.5 mm or greater. In one or more embodiments, the thickness of the second glass substrate may have a thickness that is substantially the same as the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate has a thickness in a range from about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.15 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.2 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.25 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.35 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.4 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.45 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.55 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.6 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.65 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.7 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.4 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.3 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.2 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.1 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.05 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.95 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.9 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.85 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.75 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.7 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.65 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.6 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.55 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.4 mm, or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm.

The second glass substrate may have the same glass composition as the glass substrate 140 or may differ from the glass composition used for the glass substrate 140. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate may have an alkali-free glass composition. Suitable glass compositions for use in the second glass substrate may include soda lime glass, alkali-free aluminosilicate glass, alkali-free borosilicate glass, alkali-free boroaluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing aluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing borosilicate glass, and alkali-containing boroaluminosilicate glass. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate may be strengthened (as disclosed herein with respect to the glass substrate 140). In some embodiments, the second glass substrate is unstrengthened or strengthened only by mechanical and/or thermal strengthening (i.e., not strengthened by chemical strengthening). In some embodiments, the second glass substrate may be annealed.

In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 includes a frame 158. In the embodiment shown, the frame 158 is positioned between the backlight unit 154 and the second glass substrate 152. The frame may have an “L” shape with flanges 159 extending outward from the display module 150. In one or more embodiments, the frame 158 at least partially surrounds the backlight unit 154. In one or more embodiments as shown in FIG. 6 , the frame at least partially surrounds the second glass substrate 152. In one or more embodiments, the frame can either at least partially surrounds the minor surface 146 of the glass substrate 140 or the minor surface of the glass substrate may not be surrounded by the frame. In other words, the frame may include secondary flanges 157 that extend to partially surround the second glass substrate 152 and/or the minor surface of the glass substrate 140.

In one or more embodiments, the curved display includes an adhesive or adhesive layer 160 between the glass substrate 140 and the display module 150. The adhesive may be optically clear. In some embodiments, the adhesive is disposed on a portion of the glass substrate 140 and/or the display module 150. For example, as shown in FIG. 4 , the glass substrate may include a periphery 147 adjacent the minor surface 146 defining an interior portion 148, and the adhesive may be disposed on at least a portion of the periphery. The thickness of the adhesive may be tailored to ensure lamination between the display module 150 (and more particularly the second glass substrate) and the glass substrate 140. For example, the adhesive may have a thickness of about 1 mm or less. In some embodiments, the adhesive has a thickness in a range from about 200 μm to about 500 μm, from about 225 μm to about 500 μm, from about 250 μm to about 500 μm, from about 275 μm to about 500 μm, from about 300 μm to about 500 μm, from about 325 μm to about 500 μm, from about 350 μm to about 500 μm, from about 375 μm to about 500 μm, from about 400 μm to about 500 μm, from about 200 μm to about 475 μm, from about 200 μm to about 450 μm, from about 200 μm to about 425 μm, from about 200 μm to about 400 μm, from about 200 μm to about 375 μm, from about 200 μm to about 350 μm, from about 200 μm to about 325 μm, from about 200 μm to about 300 μm, or from about 225 μm to about 275 μm.

In one or more embodiments, the either one of or both the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144 of the glass substrate includes a surface treatment. The surface treatment may cover at least a portion of the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144. Exemplary surface treatments include an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design. In one or more embodiments, the at least a portion of the first major surface and 142/or the second major surface 144 may include any one, any two or all three of an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design. For example, first major surface 142 may include an anti-glare surface and the second major surface 144 may include an anti-reflective surface. In another example, the first major surface 142 includes an anti-reflective surface and the second major surface 144 includes an anti-glare surface. In yet another example, the first major surface 142 comprises either one of or both the anti-glare surface and the anti-reflective surface, and the second major surface 144 includes the pigment design.

The pigment design may include any aesthetic design formed from a pigment (e.g., ink, paint and the like) and can include a wood-grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, or a logo. The pigment design may be printed onto the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the anti-glare surface includes an etched surface. In one or more embodiments, the anti-reflective surface includes a multi-layer coating. In one or more embodiments, the easy-to-clean surface includes an oleophobic coating that imparts anti-fingerprint properties.

In one or more embodiments, the surface treatment (i.e., the easy-to-clean surface, the anti-glare surface, the anti-reflective surface and/or the pigment design) is disposed on at least a portion of the periphery 147 and the interior portion 148 is substantially free of the surface treatment.

In one or more embodiments, the display module includes touch functionality and such functionality is accessible through the glass substrate 140. In one or more embodiments, displayed images or content shown by the display module is visible through the glass substrate 140.

A second aspect of this disclosure pertains to various methods and systems for cold-bending a glass sheet/substrate, such as substrate 140, and/or forming a curved display. In various embodiments, the methods and systems discussed herein utilize air pressure differentials to cause bending of the glass sheet/substrate. As noted above, these systems and methods bend the glass sheet/substrate without use of the high temperatures (e.g., temperatures greater than the glass transition temperature) that are typical with hot-bending/hot-forming processes.

Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9 , a method 1000 of forming a curved display is shown according to exemplary embodiments. In one or more embodiments, the method includes a step 1100 of cold-forming a glass substrate, such as substrate 140, to a first radius of curvature (as described herein), and laminating a display module 150 to the first one of the major surfaces 142 or 144 (see FIGS. 2 and 3 ) while maintaining the first radius of curvature in the glass substrate to form the curved display, wherein the display module has a second radius of curvature (as described herein) that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. As shown in FIG. 9 , in one or more embodiments, cold-forming the glass substrate 140 includes applying a vacuum to the second major surface 144 of the glass substrate to generate the first radius of curvature 1120. Accordingly, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 9 , applying the vacuum includes placing the glass substrate on a vacuum fixture 1110 before applying the vacuum to the second major surface. To maintain the first radius of curvature, the glass substrate and subsequent assembly with the display module (steps 1150, 1200) is performed while the vacuum is applied to the glass substrate to cold-form the glass substrate to the first radius of curvature. In other words, the glass substrate 140 is temporarily cold-formed by applying the vacuum, and subsequent lamination with the display module 150 permanently cold-forms the glass substrate and forms the curved display. In such embodiments, the display module provides the rigidity needed to permanently cold-form the glass substrate. Other mechanisms to temporarily cold-form the glass substrate may be used. For example, the glass substrate may be temporarily affixed to a mold having the desired curvature to cold-form the glass substrate. The glass substrate may be temporarily affixed by a pressure sensitive adhesive or other mechanism.

After cold-forming the glass substrate, the method of one or more embodiments includes laminating an adhesive to the first major surface 142 of the glass substrate 140 before laminating the display module to the first major surface such that the adhesive is disposed between the first major surface and the display module. In one or more embodiments, laminating the adhesive may include applying a layer of the adhesive and then applying a normal force using roller or other mechanism. Exemplary examples include any suitable optically clear adhesive for bonding the glass substrate to the second glass substrate of the display module 150. In one example, the adhesive may include an optically clear adhesive available from 3M Corporation under the trade name 8215. The thickness of the adhesive may be in a range from about 200 μm to about 500 μm.

In one or more embodiment, step 1200 of laminating a display module includes laminating the second glass substrate 152 to the glass substrate 140 (step 1210 in FIG. 9 ) and then attaching the backlight unit 154 to the second glass substrate (step 1220, in FIG. 9 ). In one or more embodiments, the method includes cold-forming the second glass substrate during lamination to the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate is curved prior to lamination. For example, the second glass substrate may be temporarily curved or cold-formed before lamination to exhibit the second radius of curvature. In another example, the second glass substrate may be permanently curved (by, for example, hot forming) to exhibit the second radius of curvature). In one or more embodiments, the backlight unit is curved to exhibit the second radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the backlight unit is flexible and is curved during lamination to the second radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the backlight unit may be curved prior to lamination. For example, the backlight unit may be temporarily curved before lamination to exhibit the second radius of curvature. In another example, the backlight unit may be permanently curved to exhibit the second radius of curvature).

In one or more embodiments, step 1220 includes attaching a frame with the backlight unit to the second glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the method includes step 1230 of removing the vacuum from the second major surface of glass substrate 140. For example, removing the vacuum from the second major surface may include removing the curved display from the vacuum fixture.

In one or more embodiments, the method includes disposing or assembling the curved display in a vehicle interior system 100, 200, 300.

Referring to FIGS. 10-15 , additional systems and methods for forming a curved glass sheet/substrate via cold-forming is shown and described. In the specific embodiments shown and described, the curved glass substrate is utilized for a curved display for a vehicle, such as in vehicle interior system 100, 200, 300. It should be understood that any of the glass substrate, frame, and display module embodiments described herein may be formed or utilized in the processes and systems discussed in relation to FIGS. 10-15 .

Referring to FIG. 10 , a method 1300 for cold-bending a glass substrate is shown. At step 1310, a glass substrate, such as glass substrate 140, is supported and/or placed on a curved frame. The frame may be a frame of a display, such as frame 158 that defines a perimeter and curved shape for a vehicle display. In general, the curved frame includes a curved support surface and one of the major surfaces 142 or 144 of glass substrate 140 is placed into contact with the curved support surface of the frame.

At step 1320, an air pressure differential is applied to the glass substrate while it is supported by the frame causing the glass substrate to bend into conformity with the curved shape of the curved support surface of the frame. In this manner, a curved glass substrate is formed from a generally flat glass substrate/sheet (see FIGS. 3 and 4 ). In this arrangement, curving the flat piece of glass material forms a curved shape on the major surface facing the frame, while also causing a corresponding (but complimentary) curve to form in the major surface of the glass substrate opposite of the frame. Applicant has found that by bending the glass substrate directly on the curved frame, the need for a separate curved die or mold (typically needed in other glass bending processes) is eliminated. Further, Applicant has found that by shaping the glass substrate directly to the curved frame, a wide range of glass radii may be achieved in a low complexity manufacturing process.

In some embodiments, the vacuum may be generated by a vacuum fixture, such as fixture 1110. In some other embodiments, the air pressure differential is formed by applying a vacuum to an airtight enclosure surrounding the frame and the glass substrate. In specific embodiments, the airtight enclosure is a flexible polymer shell, such as a plastic bag or pouch. In other embodiments, the air pressure differential is formed by generating increased air pressure around the glass substrate and the frame with an overpressure device, such as an autoclave. Applicant has further found that air pressure provides a consistent and highly uniform bending force (as compared to a contact-based bending method) which further leads to a robust manufacturing process.

At step 1330, the temperature of the glass substrate is maintained below the glass transition temperature of the material of the glass substrate during bending. As such, method 1300 is a cold-forming or cold-bending process. In particular embodiments, the temperature of the glass substrate is maintained below 500 degrees C., 400 degrees C., 300 degrees C., 200 degrees C. or 100 degrees C. In a particular embodiment, the glass substrate is maintained at or below room temperature during bending. In a particular embodiment, the glass substrate is not actively heated via a heating element, furnace, oven, etc. during bending, as is the case when hot-forming glass to a curved shape.

As noted above, in addition to providing processing advantages such as eliminating expensive and/or slow heating steps, the cold-forming processes discussed herein are believed to generate curved glass sheets with a variety of properties that are superior to hot-formed glass sheets, particularly for display cover glass applications. For example, Applicant believes that, for at least some glass materials, heating during hot-forming processes decreases optical properties of curved glass sheets, and thus, the curved glass substrates formed utilizing the cold-bending processes/systems discussed herein provide for both curved glass shape along with improved optical qualities not believed achievable with hot-bending processes.

Further, many glass coating materials (e.g., anti-glare coatings, anti-reflective coatings, etc.) are applied via deposition processes, such as sputtering processes that are typically ill-suited for coating curved glass articles. In addition, many coating materials also are not able to survive the high temperatures associated with hot-bending processes. Thus, in particular embodiments discussed herein, one or more coating material is applied to major surface 142 and/or to major surface 144 of glass substrate 140 prior to cold-bending, and the coated glass substrate is bent to a curved shape as discussed herein. Thus, Applicant believes that the processes and systems discussed herein allow for bending of glass after one or more coating material has been applied to the glass, in contrast to typical hot-forming processes.

Referring to FIG. 11 , a process 1400 for forming a curved display is shown. At step 1410 an adhesive material is applied between a curved support surface of the frame and first major surface 142 of glass substrate 140. In a particular embodiment, the adhesive is placed first onto the frame support surface, and then at step 1420, glass substrate 140 is placed onto the adhesive coated frame. In another embodiment, the adhesive may be placed onto first major surface 142 which is then placed into contact with the support surface of the frame.

The adhesive material may be applied in a variety ways. In one embodiment, the adhesive is applied using an applicator gun and mixing nozzle or premixed syringes, and spread uniformly using any of the following, for example, a roller, a brush, a doctor blade or a draw down bar. In various embodiments, the adhesives discussed herein are structural adhesives. In particular embodiments, the structural adhesives may include, but not limited to, an adhesive selected from one of more of the categories: (a) Toughened Epoxy (for example, Masterbond EP21TDCHT-LO, 3M Scotch Weld Epoxy DP460 Off-white); (b) Flexible Epoxy (for example, Masterbond EP21TDC-2LO, 3M Scotch Weld Epoxy 2216); (c) Acrylics and/or Toughened Acrylics (for example, LORD Adhesive 403, 406 or 410 Acrylic adhesives with LORD Accelerator 19 or 19GB w/LORD AP 134 primer, LORD Adhesive 850 or 852/LORD Accelerator 25GB, Loctite HF8000, Loctite AA4800); (d) Urethanes (for example, 3M Scotch Weld Urethane DP640 Brown, Sikaflex 552 and Polyurethane (PUR) Hot Melt adhesives such as, Technomelt PUR 9622-02 UVNA, Loctite HHD 3542, Loctite HHD 3580, 3M Hotmelt adhesives 3764 and 3748); and (e) Silicones (Dow Corning 995, Dow Corning 3-0500 Silicone Assembly adhesive, Dow Corning 7091, SikaSil-GP). In some cases, structural adhesives available as sheets or films (for example, but not limited to, 3M Structural adhesive films AF126-2, AF 163-2M, SBT 9263 and 9214, Masterbond FLM36-LO) may be utilized. Furthermore, pressure sensitive structural adhesives such as 3M VHB tapes may be utilized. In such embodiments, utilizing a pressure sensitive adhesive allows for the curved glass substrate to be bonded to the frame without the need for a curing step.

At step 1420, a variety of different techniques or mechanisms can be utilized to align the glass substrate with the frame. For example, tabs, markings and clamps can be utilized to align the glass substrate with the frame support surface.

At step 1430, an air pressure differential is applied to cause glass substrate 140 to bend into conformance with the shape of curved support surface of the curved frame, as discussed above regarding step 1320. At step 1440, the now curved glass substrate is bonded to the curved frame support surface via the adhesive. Because the air pressure does not permanently deform the glass substrate, the bonding step occurs during application of the air pressure differential. In various embodiments, the air pressure differential is between 0.5 and 1.5 atmospheres of pressure (atm), specifically between 0.7 and 1.1 atm, and more specifically is 0.8 to 1 atm.

Performance of step 1440 is based upon the type of adhesive used to create the bond between the glass substrate and the frame. For example, in embodiments where increasing the temperature will accelerate the cure of the adhesive, heat is applied to cure the adhesive. In one such embodiment, the heat-curable adhesive is cured by raising the temperature to the cure temperature of the adhesive but lower than the glass transition temperature of the glass substrate, while the glass sheet is held bent in conformance with the shape of curved support surface of the curved frame via the pressure differential. In a specific embodiment, the heat may be applied using an oven or a furnace. In another embodiment, both heat and pressure may be applied via an overpressure device, such as an autoclave.

In embodiments where the adhesive is a UV-curable adhesive, UV light is applied to cure the adhesive. In other embodiments, the adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive, pressure is applied to bond the adhesive between the glass substrate and the frame. In various embodiments, regardless of the process by which the bond between the glass substrate and the frame is formed, the adhesive may be an optically clear adhesive, such as a liquid optically clear adhesive.

At step 1450, a display module, such as display module 150, is attached to the frame supporting the now curved and bonded glass substrate. In specific embodiments, the glass substrate-frame assembly may be removed from the device applying the pressure differential, prior to attachment of the display module to the frame. In a specific embodiment, the display module is attached to the frame via an adhesive such as an optically clear adhesive. In other embodiments, the display module may be attached to the frame by a variety of mechanical coupling devices, such as screws, snap-fit components, etc. In a specific embodiment, a liquid optically clear adhesive (LOCA) available from E3 Display at thickness of 125 um is applied to bond the display module to the frame and then the adhesive is UV cured to obtain the assembled part.

FIG. 12 shows a graphical representation of process 1400 including additional steps according to an exemplary embodiment. At step 1425, the glass substrate supported on the frame is positioned within an airtight enclosure, shown as plastic vacuum bag 1426. In a specific embodiment, a breather cloth is placed on the frame 158/glass substrate 140 to provide connectivity of the part surface to the vacuum port. Additionally, the breather cloth helps in absorbing excess glue that may ooze out of the part during the process.

Then at step 1430 a vacuum is drawn within vacuum bag 1426. At step 1440, the vacuum bag 1426 with the glass substrate and frame are positioned within an autoclave 1442 which generates heat to cure the adhesive bonding the glass substrate to the frame. In a specific embodiment, vacuum bag 1426 is placed in the autoclave at 66 degrees C./90 psi for 1 hour duration to cure the adhesive. At step 1460, following display module attachment at step 1450, an assembled display assembly 1470 including the glass substrate (e.g., cover glass), display frame, and display module is completed with all parts attached together and is ready for mounting in a vehicle interior.

Referring to FIG. 13 , a process 1500 for forming a curved display is shown according to another embodiment. Process 1500 is substantially the same as process 1400, except as discussed herein. Rather than attach the display module to the frame following bending and following attachment of the glass substrate to the frame, process 1500 attaches the display module to the frame beforehand, at step 1510. In some such embodiments, the display module is bonded to frame via an adhesive that is cured during the same cure step that bonds the glass substrate to the frame. In such embodiments, the display module is bonded to the frame during application of the air pressure differential that causes the bending of glass substrate to the frame.

Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15 , display assembly 1470 is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. In the embodiment shown, the display assembly includes frame 158 supporting both a display module 150 and a cover glass sheet, glass substrate 140. As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 , both display module 150 and glass substrate 140 are coupled to frame 158, and display module 150 is positioned to allow a user to view display module 150 through glass substrate 140. In various embodiments, frame 158 may be formed from a variety of materials that include, but not limited to plastics such as polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS), PC/ABS blends, etc.), metals (Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, Fe-alloys, etc.), glass-filled resins, fiber reinforced plastics and fiber reinforced composites. Various processes such as casting, machining, stamping, injection molding, extrusion, pultrusion, resin transfer molding etc. may be utilized to form the curved shape of frame 158.

In another example, toughened epoxy adhesive (supplied by 3M under the tradename 3M Scotch Weld Epoxy DP460 Off-white) was applied to a major surface of a glass substrate or on a curved frame using an applicator gun and mixing nozzle. A roller or brush was used to spread the adhesive uniformly. The glass substrate and frame were stacked or assembled such that the adhesive layer is between the glass substrate and the frame. A high temperature resistant tape was then applied to temporarily maintain the stack alignment. The stack was then placed in a vacuum bag. In this particular example, a release cloth (optional) was placed over the stack to prevent sticking to the vacuum bag, and then a breather cloth was placed over to provide connectivity of the part surface to the vacuum port, and finally, the stack, release cloth and breather cloth assembly was placed in a vacuum bag. The vacuum bag was then sealed to withstand 760 mm of Hg. The vacuum bag was then deaired by drawing a vacuum during which the glass substrate was bent to conform to the curved shape of frame support surface. The vacuum bag with the curved glass substrate and supporting frame were placed in an autoclave at 66 degrees C./90 psi for 1 hour duration to cure the adhesive. The glass substrate is bonded to the curved frame support surface via the cured adhesive. The autoclave was then cooled down to a temperature below 45° C. before the pressure was released. The curved glass substrate/frame stack was removed from the vacuum bag. The resulting curved glass substrate maintained the curved shape of the frame, with no delamination visible to the naked eye. A display module may be assembled to the stack to provide a curved display assembly

It should be understood that the adhesive may be applied and the cold-formed stack can be assembled with the curing of the adhesive either at room temperature or at elevated temperature or using UV depending on the cure schedule of the particular adhesive. In some embodiments, pressure may be applied, along with heat. In some instances, heat alone is applied to the stack. In one or more embodiments, heat may be applied such that the temperature of the stack is in a range from greater than room temperature (i.e., 23° C.) up to 300° C., from about 25° C. to about 300° C., from about 50° C. to about 300° C., from about 75° C. to about 300° C., from about 100° C. to about 300° C., from about 110° C. to about 300° C., from about 115° C. to about 300° C., from about 120° C. to about 300° C., from about 150° C. to about 300° C., from about 175° C. to about 300° C., from about 200° C. to about 300° C., from about 25° C. to about 250° C., from about 25° C. to about 200° C., from about 25° C. to about 150° C., from about 25° C. to about 125° C., from about 25° C. to about 115° C., from about 25° C. to about 110° C., or from about 25° C. to about 100° C. The stack may be heated to such temperatures for a duration from about 2 seconds to about 24 hours, 10 seconds to about 24 hours, from about 30 seconds to about 24 hours, from about 1 minute to about 24 hours, from about 10 minutes to about 24 hours, from about 15 minutes to about 24 hours, from about 20 minutes to about 24 hours, from about 30 minutes to about 24 hours, from about 1 hour to about 24 hours, from about 1.5 hours to about 24 hours, from about 2 hours to about 24 hours, from about 3 hours to about 24 hours, from about 2 seconds to about 4.5 hours, from about 2 seconds to about 4 hours, from about 2 seconds to about 3 hours, from about 2 seconds to about 2 hours, from about 2 seconds to about 1.5 hours, from about 2 seconds to about 1 hour, from about 2 seconds to about 45 minutes, from about 2 seconds to about 30 minutes, from about 2 seconds to about 15 minutes, from about 2 seconds to about 10 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 45 minutes, or from about 15 minutes to about 45 minutes.

In various embodiments, the systems and methods described herein allow for formation of glass substrate to conform to a wide variety of curved shapes that frame 158 may have. As shown in FIG. 14 , frame 158 has a support surface 155 that has a curved shape to which glass substrate 140 is shaped to match. In the specific embodiment shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 , support surface 155 includes a convex section 161 and a concave section 163, and glass substrate 140 is shaped to conform to the curved shapes of sections 161 and 163.

As will be generally understood, the opposing first and second major surfaces of glass substrate 140 both form curved shapes as glass substrate is bent to conform to the curved shape of frame support surface 155. Referring to FIG. 15 , a first major surface 1471 of glass substrate 140 is the surface in contact with frame support surface 155, and during bending adopts the complementary shape of opposing shape of support surface 155, while an outer, second major surface 1472 of glass substrate 140 adopts a curved shape that generally matches the curved shape support surface 155. Thus, in this arrangement, second major surface 1472 has a convex section at the position of convex section 161 of frame support surface 155 and has a concave section at the position of concave section 163 of support surface 155. Conversely, first major surface 1471 has a concave section at the position of convex section 161 of frame support surface 155 and has a convex section at the position of concave section 163 of support surface 155.

In specific embodiments, the radius of curvature of convex curve 161 is 250 mm, and the radius of concave curve 163 is 60 mm. In some embodiments, a non-curved central section is located between the two curved sections. Further, in some embodiments, glass substrate 14 is chemically strengthened aluminosilicate glass with a thickness of 0.4 mm.

It should be understood that FIGS. 14 and 15 provide a specific example of a glass substrate formed with more than one curved section, but in various embodiments, the processes and systems discussed herein can be used to form a wide variety of curved substrates having more or less curved sections than shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 . Further, it should be understood that while the exemplary embodiments discussed herein are described primarily in relation to bending display cover glass, glass substrate 140 may be formed for any non-display curved glass application, such as cover glass for an instrument panel in a vehicle.

Referring to FIGS. 16A-16I, another aspect of this disclosure pertains to kits and methods for assembling such kits to provide a curved display. FIGS. 16A-16I show a concave curvature with the cold-formed glass 2010 disposed between a viewer and the display. In one or more embodiments, the curvature may be convex, or may have a combination of convex and concave portions having the same or different radii from one another. Referring to FIGS. 16A-16C, a kit 2000 according to one or more embodiments includes a cold-formed glass substrate 2010 (as described herein according to one or more embodiments) and a frame 2020. In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate includes a first major surface 2012, a second major surface 2014 opposing the first major surface and a minor surface 2016 connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width wherein the second major surface 2014 comprises a first radius of curvature. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 16A-16F, the second major surface forms a concave surface that exhibits a greater compressive stress than the same surface exhibits prior to cold-forming. In some embodiments, the second major surface exhibits a greater compressive stress than the first major surface. The frame 2020 has a curved surface 2022 that is coupled to the second major surface of the cold-formed glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the curved surface 2022 may have substantially the same radius of curvature as the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the curved surface 2022 has the same radius of curvature as the first radius of curvature. The thickness of the cold-formed glass substrate is about 1.5 mm or less. In one or more embodiments, the width of the cold-formed glass substrate is in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length of the cold-formed glass substrate is from about 5 cm to about 250 cm. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is 500 nm or greater.

In one or more embodiments, the kit includes a display module. As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 16B and FIG. 16C, the display module includes a display including a second glass substrate 2030, and an optional back-light unit (BLU) 2040. In some embodiments, the display module includes only a display (with no BLU 2040), as shown in FIG. 16E. In such embodiments, the BLU may be provided separately, and attached to the display, as shown in FIG. 16F. In one or more embodiments, the display may be liquid crystal display or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. In one or more embodiments, the kit may include a touch panel instead of the display module or in addition to the display module (with the touch panel positioned to be disposed between the cold-formed glass substrate and the display module). In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 16B and 16C, the display or touch panel comprises a second glass substrate 2030 that is curved. In such embodiments, the second glass substrate comprises a curved display surface or curved touch panel surface having a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. In some embodiments, such as shown in FIGS. 16C, 16E, 16F, 16H and 16I, the kit includes an adhesive layer 2050 for attachment of the second glass substrate 2030 to the cold-formed glass substrate or the frame. The adhesive layer may be disposed on the cold-formed glass substrate on the surface thereof to be attached to the second glass substrate. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 16A-16I, the adhesive layer is disposed on the first major surface). In one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer may be disposed on the second glass substrate or both the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate. The adhesive 2050 may be an optically clear adhesive, such as the optically clear adhesives described herein. In one or more embodiments, after the cold-formed substrate 2010 and the curved second glass substrate 2030 are laminated, it is believed that such lamination exerts lower stress on any adhesive layer disposed therein. In one or more embodiments, the second radius of curvature may be within 5%, within 4%, within 3% or within 2% of the first radius of curvature. In some embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate (and corresponding frame) and the second glass substrate are substantially aligned such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length or less than 2% of both the width and the length of the cold-formed glass is unaligned with the curved second glass substrate (i.e., unaligned portions are exposed), after lamination. In one or more embodiments, less than 5% of the surface area of the first major surface 2012 is unaligned with the second glass substrate or exposed after lamination. In some embodiments, the thickness of the adhesive may be increased to enhance alignment between the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate.

As shown in FIG. 16C, 16E, 16F, 16H or 16I, the kit may include a second glass substrate that is attached to the first major surface 2012. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate is attached to the frame 2020 (not shown). A shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 16D and 16G, the second glass substrate 2030 is substantially flat and is cold-formable to a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. As shown in FIGS. 16D through 16F, the second glass substrate may be cold-formed to the second radius of curvature and attached to the cold-formed glass substrate or, optionally, the frame (not shown). In such embodiments, the second glass substrate 2030 or the cold-formed glass substrate 2010 may comprises an adhesive layer to attach the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate or the frame, as applicable. In one or more particular embodiments, the first major surface 2012 includes an adhesive disposed thereon. In such embodiments, the adhesive may be an optically clear adhesive that is a composite or exhibits different Young's modulus values on the surface in contact with or adjacent the first major surface, than the opposite surface that contacts or will contact the second glass substrate. It is believed that the second glass substrate may exert lower stress on the adhesive layer and thus a lower bending force may be required to cold-form the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate. In some such embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate are substantially aligned such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length or less than 2% of both the width and the length of the cold-formed glass is unaligned with the second glass substrate (i.e., unaligned portions are exposed), after lamination. In one or more embodiments, less than 5% of the surface area of the first major surface 2012 is unaligned with the second glass substrate or exposed after lamination.

As shown in FIGS. 16B-16C and 16F, the BLU may be curved. In some embodiments, the BLU exhibits a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature, within 10% of the second radius of curvature, or within 10% of the first radius of curvature and the second radius of curvature.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 16H-16I, the display comprises a second glass substrate that is substantially flat and is attached to the first major surface. In such embodiments, the second glass substrate or the cold-formed glass substrate comprises an adhesive layer 2050 that attaches the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., either directly to the first major surface or a portion of the frame). In such embodiments, the adhesive attaches a cold-formed glass substrate to a flat second glass substrate. A shown, in one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer comprises a first surface that is substantially flat and an opposing second surface having a second radius of curvature that is within the 10% of the first radius of curvature. In such embodiments, the adhesive may be a liquid optically clear adhesive. In some embodiments, the first radius of curvature is in a range from about 500 nm to about 1000 nm.

In one or more embodiments, in the kit shown in FIGS. 16A-16I, an air gap may be present between the second glass substrate and the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface). In one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer may be present on only a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and/or the second glass substrate such that there is no attachment between a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate (as there is no adhesive present to form such attachment).

FIGS. 17A-17I illustrate various embodiments of a kit 3000 that includes a frame 3020 that is removable or is temporarily attached to a cold-formed glass substrate 3010. FIGS. 17A-17I show a convex curvature with the cold-formed glass 3010 disposed between a viewer and the display. In one or more embodiments, the curvature may be concave, or may have a combination of convex and concave portions having the same or different radii from one another. In one or more embodiments, the kit includes a cold-formed glass substrate 3010 comprises a first major surface 3012, a second major surface 3014 opposing the first major surface having a first radius of curvature, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width, wherein the second major surface comprises a first radius of curvature, and a removable frame 3020 removably coupled to the second major surface. In one or more embodiments, the frame has a curved surface that is coupled to the second major surface. The curved surface of the frame may have the same radius of curvature as the first radius of curvature. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 17A-17I, the second major surface forms a concave surface that exhibits a greater compressive stress than the same surface exhibits prior to cold-forming. In some embodiments, the second major surface exhibits a greater compressive stress than the first major surface.

The thickness of the cold-formed glass substrate is about 1.5 mm or less. In one or more embodiments, the width of the cold-formed glass substrate is in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length of the cold-formed glass substrate is from about 5 cm to about 250 cm. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is 500 nm or greater.

In one or more embodiments shown in FIGS. 17A-17I, the kit includes a display module. As shown in FIG. 17B and FIG. 17C, the display module includes a display including a second glass substrate 3030, and an optional back-light unit (BLU) 3040. In some embodiments, the display module includes only a display (with no BLU 3040), as shown in FIG. 17E. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure may be provided separately, and attached as shown in FIG. 17F to maintain the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate after the removable frame is removed. In one or more embodiments, the display may be liquid crystal display or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. In one or more embodiments, the kit may include a touch panel instead of the display module or in addition to the display module (with the touch panel positioned to be disposed between the cold-formed glass substrate and the display module). In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 17B and 17C, the display or touch panel comprises a second glass substrate 3030 that is curved. In such embodiments, the second glass substrate comprises a curved display surface or curved touch panel surface having a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate may curved and have sufficient rigidity or structure to maintain the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass after the removable frame is removed. In some embodiments, such as shown in FIGS. 17C, 17E, 17F, 17H and 17I, the kit comprises an adhesive layer 3050 for attachment of the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate (and specifically, the first major surface 3012). The adhesive layer may be provided on the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface), on the second glass substrate or both the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate. The adhesive 3050 may be an optically clear adhesive, such as the optically clear adhesives described herein. In one or more embodiments as shown in FIGS. 17B and 17C, after the curved cold-formed substrate 3010 and the curved second glass substrate 3030 are laminated, it is believed that such lamination exerts lower stress on any adhesive layer disposed therein. In one or more embodiments, after the cold-formed substrate 3010 and the curved second glass substrate 3030 are laminated, the second radius of curvature may be within 5%, within 4%, within 3% or within 2% of the first radius of curvature. In some embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate are substantially aligned such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length or less than 2% of both the width and the length of the cold-formed glass is unaligned with the second glass substrate (i.e., unaligned portions are exposed), after lamination. In one or more embodiments, less than 5% of the surface area of the first major surface 2012 is unaligned with the second glass substrate or exposed after lamination. In some embodiments, the thickness of the adhesive may be increased to enhance alignment between the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate.

As shown in FIG. 17C, 17E, 17F, 17H or 17I, the kit may include a second glass substrate that is attached to the first major surface 3012. A shown in FIGS. 17D and 17G, the second glass substrate 3030 may be substantially flat and is cold-formable to a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. As shown in FIGS. 17D through 17F, the second glass substrate may be cold-formed to the second radius of curvature and may be attached to the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface 3012). In such embodiments, the second glass substrate 3030 or the cold-formed glass substrate 3010 may comprises an adhesive layer to attach the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate, as applicable. In one or more particular embodiments, the adhesive layer may be disposed on the first major surface. In such embodiments, the adhesive may be an optically clear adhesive that is a composite or exhibits different Young's modulus values on the surface in contact with or adjacent the first major surface, than the opposite surface that contacts or will contact the second glass substrate. It is believed that the second glass substrate may exert lower stress on the adhesive layer and thus a lower bending force is required to cold-form the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate. In some such embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate are substantially aligned such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length or less than 2% of both the width and the length of the cold-formed glass is unaligned with the second glass substrate (i.e., unaligned portions are exposed), after lamination. In one or more embodiments, less than 5% of the surface area of the first major surface 2012 is unaligned with the second glass substrate or exposed after lamination.

As shown in FIGS. 17B-17C and 17F, a curved BLU 3040 may be attached to the second glass substrate 3030. In some embodiments, the BLU 3040 exhibits a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature, within 10% of the second radius of curvature, or within 10% of the first radius of curvature and the second radius of curvature. In such embodiments, the BLU 3040 provides the structure to maintain the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate, after the removable frame is removed, as shown in FIGS. 17C and 17F. Where a touch panel is included, a corresponding structure is attached to the second substrate opposite the surface that is attached or will attach to the cold-formed glass substrate.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 17H-17I, the display comprises a second glass substrate 3030 that is substantially flat and is attached to the first major surface. In such embodiments, the frame 3020 maintains the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate, and the second glass substrate 3030 or the cold-formed glass substrate 3010 comprises an adhesive layer 3050 that attaches the second glass substrate to the first major surface. In such embodiments, the adhesive attaches a cold-formed glass substrate to a flat second glass substrate. A shown, in one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer comprises a first surface that is substantially flat and an opposing second surface having a second radius of curvature that is within the 10% of the first radius of curvature. In such embodiments, the adhesive may be a liquid optically clear adhesive. In some embodiments, the first radius of curvature is in a range from about 500 nm to about 1000 nm. In such embodiments, the adhesive layer is a structural adhesive that provides the structure to maintain the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate after the frame is removed, as shown in FIG. 17I.

In one or more embodiments, an air gap may be present between the second glass substrate and the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface). In such embodiments, the adhesive layer may be present on only a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and/or the second glass substrate such that there is no attachment between a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate (as there is no adhesive present to form such attachment).

FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate a kit that includes a flexible glass substrate 4010 that comprises a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width, and a curved display module 4020 or a curved touch panel having a first radius of curvature, as shown in FIG. 18A. FIGS. 18A-18B show a convex curvature with the flexible glass substrate 4010 disposed between a viewer and the display. In one or more embodiments, the curvature may be concave, or may have a combination of convex and concave portions having the same or different radii from one another.

The thickness of the flexible glass substrate 4010 is about 1.5 mm or less. In one or more embodiments, the width of the flexible glass substrate is in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length of the flexible glass substrate is from about 5 cm to about 250 cm. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is 500 nm or greater.

As shown in FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B, the display module includes a display including a second glass substrate 4030, and a back-light unit (BLU) 4040 or other structure for maintaining the curved shape of the curved display module 4020. In some embodiments, the display module includes only a display (with no BLU 4040), as shown in FIG. 16E and FIG. 18F. In such embodiments, the BLU or other structure may be provided separately, and attached to the display, as shown in FIG. 18G. In one or more embodiments, the display may be liquid crystal display or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. In the embodiments shown in FIG. 18B, the display comprises a second glass substrate 4030 that is curved and exhibits the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the kit includes a curved touch panel instead of the curved display module or in addition to the curved display module (with the touch panel positioned to be disposed between the cold-formed glass substrate and the curved display module). In such embodiments, the curved touch panel includes a second glass substrate that is curved, and which may optionally provide the structural rigidity to maintain its curved shape (even after attachment to the flexible glass substrate as shown in FIG. 18B). In some embodiments, the kit includes an adhesive layer 4050 for attachment of the second glass substrate 4030 to the flexible glass substrate 4010 (i.e., the first major surface 4012). The adhesive layer may be provided on the flexible glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface), on the second glass substrate or both the flexible glass substrate and the second glass substrate. The adhesive 4050 may be an optically clear adhesive, such as the optically clear adhesives described herein. In one or more embodiments, after the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed and laminated to the curved display module or touch panel, the second major surface 4014 exhibits a second radius of curvature that is within 10%, within 5%, within 4%, within 3% or within 2% of the first radius of curvature. In the embodiments shown in FIG. 18B, the second major surface forms a concave surface that exhibits a greater compressive stress than the same surface exhibits prior to cold-forming. In some embodiments, the second major surface exhibits a greater compressive stress than the first major surface.

In some embodiments, the resulting cold-formed glass substrate (and corresponding frame) and the second glass substrate are substantially aligned such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length or less than 2% of both the width and the length of the cold-formed glass is unaligned with the second glass substrate (i.e., unaligned portions are exposed), after lamination. In one or more embodiments, less than 5% of the surface area of the first major surface 2012 is unaligned with the second glass substrate or exposed after lamination. In some embodiments, the thickness of the adhesive may be increased to enhance alignment between the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate.

In one or more embodiments, after the flexible glass substrate 4010 is cold-formed and laminated to the curved second glass substrate 4030, it is believed that the stress exerted on any adhesive layer disposed therein may be minimized by minimizing the thickness of the flexible glass substrate (i.e., to the ranges described herein). In one or more embodiments, the kit includes a bezel formed on the flexible glass substrate to reduce stress on the flexible glass substrate when cold-forming.

As shown in FIG. 18B, the second glass substrate is attached to the first major surface 4012. A shown in FIG. 18A, the flexible glass substrate 4010 is substantially flat and is cold-formable to a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. As shown in FIG. 18B, the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed to the second radius of curvature and attached to the second glass substrate. As shown in FIGS. 18A-18B, the BLU is curved and provides the structure to maintain the cold-formed shape of the second glass substrate and the flexible glass substrate (after it is cold-formed to the second glass substrate). In some embodiments, the BLU exhibits a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature, within 10% of the second radius of curvature, or within 10% of the first radius of curvature and the second radius of curvature. In some embodiments, the second glass substrate is curved and can maintain the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate with the BLU or other structure.

In one or more embodiments, an air gap may be present between the second glass substrate and the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface). In such embodiments, the adhesive layer may be present on only a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and/or the second glass substrate such that there is no attachment between a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate (as there is no adhesive present to form such attachment).

FIGS. 19A-19E illustrate embodiments of a method of forming a curved display. FIGS. 19A-19E show a convex curvature; however, the curvature may be concave, or may have a combination of convex and concave portions having the same or different radii from one another. In one or more embodiments, the method 5000 includes cold-forming a stack 5001 to a first radius of curvature as measured on a first surface 5005 of the stack. The stack may be a display stack, a touch panel stack or a stack that includes a touch panel and display. In one or more embodiments, the display may be liquid crystal display or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. The stack is shown in FIG. 19A and includes a first glass substrate 5010 having a first major surface 5012 forming the first surface of the display stack and a second major surface 5014 opposite the first major surface, a display and/or touch panel module comprising a second glass substrate 5030 disposed on the second major surface 5014. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 19A, the stack is placed on a frame 5020 prior to and during cold-forming to maintain the cold-formed shape of the stack. In one or more embodiments, the method includes laminating the display and/or touch panel module to the second major surface such that second glass substrate comprises a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is in a range from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 19A-19E, after cold-forming, the second major surface forms a concave surface that exhibits a greater compressive stress than the same surface exhibits prior to cold-forming. In some embodiments, the second major surface exhibits a greater compressive stress than the first major surface. In one or more embodiments, the method includes cold-forming the stack by applying a vacuum to the first surface to generate the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, applying the vacuum comprises placing the stack on a vacuum fixture before applying the vacuum to the first surface. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 19A, the method includes applying an adhesive layer 5050 between the second glass substrate and the first glass substrate before cold-forming the stack. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer is disposed on a portion of the second glass substrate or the first glass substrate.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 19A, the display module may include a cold-formable backlight unit 5040 disposed on the second glass substrate opposite the first glass substrate. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 19C through 19E, the module includes only a display or touch panel (with no BLU 5040). In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure may be provided separately, and attached to the display or touch panel, as shown in FIG. 19E to maintain the curved shape of the display stack. In some embodiments, the frame 5020 may be removed if the BLU, second glass substrate, or other component provides adequate structure to maintain the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate. In some embodiments, the frame and the BLU work together to maintain the cold-formed shape. Accordingly, in one or more embodiments, cold-forming and/or laminating a display stack comprises attaching a BLU to the second glass substrate opposite the first glass substrate, wherein the BLU is optionally curved to exhibit the second radius of curvature.

In one or more embodiments, the method includes attaching a frame to the first glass substrate to maintain the first radius of curvature, and simultaneously cold-forming and laminating the display stack.

In one or more embodiments, the first glass substrate is strengthened. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate is unstrengthened. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate has a thickness that is greater than a thickness of the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the method includes disposing the curved display in a vehicle interior system.

FIGS. 20A-22B relate to embodiments that address an effective stress that may be found in a structural adhesive used in one or more embodiments discussed herein. While structural adhesives are sufficient to hold the cold-bent glass in shape, stress is generated in the adhesive due to elastic properties and relatively high modulus of the glass substrate that can make the glass substrate want to return back to a flat, 2D shape. Under these circumstances, there will be one or more areas of maximum stress generated in the adhesive layer. While not intending to be constrained by this theory, it is thought that some area of the curved part of the glass substrate may have a higher tendency to retain 2D shape compared to other areas. These areas that have higher tendency to return back to 2D shape lead to higher stress in the adhesive layer. This tendency can be conceptualized as a restoring force present in the elastically deformed or cold-formed glass substrate. The “restoring force,” as used herein, refers to a force that tends to return the cold-formed or cold-bent glass substrate to the glass substrate's pre-bent state.

The higher stress areas in the adhesive are potential failure points during the life of the product, particularly when used in the automotive environment, which may require long product life times and relatively harsh environmental conditions. For example, once a crack initiates in the high stress area, it could propagate over a larger area or the entire area of the product. This is true for high modulus adhesive materials that have a tendency to show brittle characteristics. Consequently, an adhesive with higher safety margin between the adhesive stresses in the part versus the adhesive strength is preferred for such applications. This leads to a reduced number of choices for adhesive materials for cold-bend applications. Therefore, there is a need to minimize the peak stress in the adhesive layer.

Generally, the embodiments of FIGS. 20B, 21B, and 22B illustrate the use of one or more components, design elements, and/or methods to address this effective stress in the adhesive, in ways that can result in cold-formed, curved glass surfaces with improved performance, adhesion, and shape retention. In addition, according to these embodiments, the above advantages can be achieved at low cost.

As shown in FIG. 20A, a glass substrate 6010 is cold-formed to a base 6020 having a curved surface with a first radius of curvature 6030. The first radius of curvature 6030 can be, for example, about 500 mm or more. In some cases, the first radius of curvature 6030 can be from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm. Cold-forming of the glass substrate 6010 can result in an effective stress 6040 in the adhesive used between the glass substrate 6010 and the base 6020. As shown in FIG. 20A, where 6050 represents an effective stress of zero, the magnitude of the effective stress 6040 can vary over a length of the curved surface of the glass substrate 6010. Thus, the effective stress 6040 has areas of high stress 6060, 6062. In this case, the areas of high stress 6060, 6062 include the maximum effective stress values in the adhesive.

To mitigate the areas of high stress 6060, 6062 in FIG. 20A, a stress-mitigation component. FIG. 20B shows one embodiment of a stress-mitigation component in the form of mechanical restraints 6072 located near the areas where the effective stress is highest. In the example shown in FIG. 20A, the areas of high stress 6060, 6062 are at the edges of the glass substrate 6010. Accordingly, in FIG. 20B, the mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 are placed at the edges of the glass substrate 6010. The mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 can be placed around substantially an entire edge of the glass substrate 6010, or only at select locations determined to be most pertinent to reducing the effective stress in the adhesive. The mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 can be bezel, clamps, clips, or springs configured to reinforce or hold the cold-bent shape of the glass substrate 6010. In some embodiments, the mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 can be made from plastic, metal, or other known materials suitable for engaging the glass substrate 6010, as long as the mechanical restraint is configured to have mechanical properties to sufficient to at least partially counter any restoring force exerted by the glass substrate 6010. Examples of the stress-mitigation component are not limited to these examples, and a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize suitable alternatives that can be configured to mitigate or reduce the areas of high stress 6060, 6062. As shown in FIG. 20B, the mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 result in an altered effective stress profile 6080 in the adhesive, without the peaks of maximum stress shown in FIG. 20A.

As shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B, according to one or more embodiments, a design modification of the component having curved, cold-formed glass can be used to mitigate high effective stress levels in the adhesive. FIG. 21A illustrates the cold-formed glass substrate 6010 without the design modification, and substantially corresponds to FIG. 20A. For brevity, the components of FIG. 21A discussed above with reference to FIG. 20A will not be repeated here. As shown in FIG. 21B, the design modification includes forming the base 6020 to have a second radius of curvature 6032, where the second radius of curvature 6032 is larger than the first radius of curvature 6030. The location of the area of the base having the second radius of curvature 6032 corresponds to an area of the glass substrate 6010 where the adhesive would contain areas of high stress 6060, 6062, shown in FIG. 21A. In some embodiments, the second radius of curvature is about 500 mm or more; or about 1000 mm or more; or is substantially flat. As shown in FIG. 21B, the area having the second radius of curvature 6032 can include more than one area or separate areas of the base 6020. In the example of FIG. 21B, these separate areas correspond to edges of the glass substrate 6010. However, embodiments are not limited to these specific locations.

FIGS. 22A and 22B represent an additional approach to mitigating high effective stress in the adhesive. In this approach, areas 7040 of the glass substrate 7010 that may correspond to areas of potentially high effective stress in the adhesive are hot-formed. The hot-forming can be selectively performed on the areas 7040, while a remainder or another portion of the glass substrate can be cold-formed to the surface 7020. In some embodiments, the glass-substrate 7010 can selectively hot-formed, and then subsequently chemically strengthened, and finally cold-formed to the surface 7020. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 22A and 22B, the areas 7040 that are selectively hot-formed are areas of a local radius of curvature that is smaller than a global radius of curvature 7030 of the surface 7020, where the glass substrate 7010 is cold-formed to the portion of the surface 7020 having the global radius of curvature 7030. In some embodiments, the local radius of curvature is about 100 mm or less and the global radius of curvature is about 500 mm or more. Embodiments include a glass substrate or component having a glass substrate, as well as methods of forming the glass substrate and/or component having the glass substrate.

The embodiments shown in FIGS. 20B, 21B, and 22B may be implemented individually or in one or more combinations for a given curved vehicle interior to provide enhanced reliability and adhesion of cold-bent glass using structural adhesives.

EXAMPLE 1

Example 1 included a curved display formed from a 0.55 mm thick glass substrate that is chemically strengthened and exhibits a first radius of curvature of about 1000 mm. The glass substrate was provided flat and one major surface (the second major surface) was placed on a vacuum chuck having a radius of curvature of 1000 mm. The vacuum was applied to the major surface of the glass substrate to temporarily cold-form the glass substrate to exhibit a first radius of curvature of about 1000 mm, matching the radius of curvature of the vacuum chuck. If the vacuum was removed, the glass substrate would return to being flat and would no longer be cold-formed. While the glass substrate was disposed on the vacuum chuck and temporarily cold-formed, a layer of adhesive supplied by 3M corporation under the tradename 8215 having a thickness of 250 μm is applied to the first major surface of the glass substrate (i.e., the surface that is exposed and not in contact with the vacuum chuck). Normal force was applied to a roller to laminate the adhesive to the first major surface of the cold-formed glass substrate. The adhesive layer included a carrier film, which was removed after the adhesive layer was laminated to the cold-formed glass substrate.

A second glass substrate (which was an LCD glass substrate) was disposed on the adhesive layer. The second glass substrate was cold-formed and laminated to adhesive layer using a roller and applying normal force. During lamination of the second glass substrate, the glass substrate continued to be temporarily cold-formed using the vacuum. After lamination of the second glass substrate, a backlight and frame was applied to the second glass substrate. In Example 1, a double sided tape was applied between the frame and the glass substrate. The double sided tape was a double-sided acrylic foam tapes supplied by 3M Corporation under the trademark VHB™ Tapes. The frame had an L-shaped bezel. The assembly of the frame and backlight unit completed formation of the curved display. The vacuum was then removed from the glass substrate and the curved display was removed. The cold-formed glass substrate was permanently cold-formed and had a first radius of curvature. The display module (and particularly the second glass substrate) exhibited a second radius of curvature that approached or matched the first radius of curvature.

Aspect (1) of this disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system comprising a base having a curved surface; a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width; an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate; and at least one stress-reduction component coupled to the glass substrate in a location that reduces an amount of adhesive stress in one or more areas of the adhesive, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less, and wherein the second major surface comprises a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater.

Aspect (2) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (1), further comprising a display module attached to the first major surface and comprising a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature.

Aspect (3) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (1) or Aspect (2), wherein the width is in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length is from about 5 cm to about 250 cm.

Aspect (4) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(3), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate is strengthened.

Aspect (5) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (2)-(4), wherein the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.

Aspect (6) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(5), wherein the adhesive is optically clear.

Aspect (7) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (1) or Aspect (2), wherein the glass substrate comprises a periphery adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the periphery of the second major surface and the display module.

Aspect (8) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(7), wherein the display module comprises a second glass substrate and a backlight unit, wherein the second glass substrate is disposed adjacent the first major surface and between the backlight unit and the first major surface, and wherein the backlight unit is optionally curved to exhibit the second radius of curvature.

Aspect (9) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (8), wherein the second glass substrate comprises a cold-formed second glass substrate.

Aspect (10) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (8) or Aspect (9), wherein the display module further comprises a frame at least partially surrounding the backlight unit.

Aspect (11) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (10), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the second glass substrate.

Aspect (12) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (10) or Aspect (11), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the minor surface of the glass substrate.

Aspect (13) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (10) or Aspect (11), wherein the minor surface of the glass substrate is not surrounded by the frame.

Aspect (14) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (10), wherein the frame comprises an L-shape.

Aspect (15) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(14), wherein either one of or both the first major surface and the second major surface comprises a surface treatment.

Aspect (16) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (15), wherein the surface treatment covers at least a portion of the first major surface and the second major surface.

Aspect (17) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (15) or Aspect (16), wherein the surface treatment comprises any one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

Aspect (18) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (17), wherein the surface treatment comprises at least two of any one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

Aspect (19) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (18), wherein the first major surface comprises the anti-glare surface and the second major surface comprises the anti-reflective surface.

Aspect (20) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (18), wherein the first major surface comprises the anti-reflective surface and the second major surface comprises the anti-glare surface.

Aspect (21) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (18), wherein the first major surface comprises either one of or both the anti-glare surface and the anti-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises the pigment design.

Aspect (22) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (18), wherein the pigment design is disposed on at least a portion of the periphery and the interior portion is substantially free of the pigment design.

Aspect (23) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (17)-(22), wherein the pigment design comprises any one of a wood-grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, and a logo.

Aspect (24) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (17)-(23), wherein the anti-glare surface comprises an etched surface, and wherein the anti-reflective surface comprises a multi-layer coating.

Aspect (25) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(24), further comprising touch functionality.

Aspect (26) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(25), wherein the base comprises any one of a center console, a dashboard, an arm rest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor board, a headrest, a door panel, and a steering wheel.

Aspect (27) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(26), wherein the vehicle is any one of an automobile, a seacraft, and an aircraft.

Aspect (28) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(27), wherein the at least one stress-reduction component comprises a mechanical restraint.

Aspect (29) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (28), wherein the mechanical restraint comprises at least one of a bezel, a clamp, and a spring.

Aspect (30) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (28), wherein the mechanical restraint is configured to exert a force on the glass substrate to maintain a cold-formed shape of the glass substrate.

Aspect (31) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (30), wherein the force is directed opposite to a restoring force of the glass substrate in the cold-formed shape.

Aspect (32) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(31), wherein the location of the at least one stress-reduction component comprises an edge of the first major surface.

Aspect (33) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(32), wherein the one or more areas of the adhesive comprises an area of maximum adhesive stress.

Aspect (34) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(32), wherein the one or more areas of the adhesive comprises an area having a local maximum adhesive stress.

Aspect (35) of this disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system comprising a base having a curved surface; a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width; and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less, wherein the second major surface comprises a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater, and wherein the second major surface comprises a second radius of curvature that is greater than the first radius of curvature.

Aspect (36) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (35), further comprising a display module attached to the first major surface and comprising a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature.

Aspect (37) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (35) or Aspect (36), wherein the width is in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length is from about 5 cm to about 250 cm.

Aspect (38) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(37), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate is strengthened.

Aspect (39) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (36)-(38), wherein the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.

Aspect (40) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(39), wherein the adhesive is optically clear.

Aspect (41) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (35) or Aspect (36), wherein the glass substrate comprises a periphery adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the periphery of the second major surface and the display module.

Aspect (42) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(41), wherein the display module comprises a second glass substrate and a backlight unit, wherein the second glass substrate is disposed adjacent the first major surface and between the backlight unit and the first major surface, and wherein the backlight unit is optionally curved to exhibit the second radius of curvature.

Aspect (43) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (42), wherein the second glass substrate comprises a cold-formed second glass substrate.

Aspect (44) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (42) or Aspect (43), wherein the display module further comprises a frame at least partially surrounding the backlight unit.

Aspect (45) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (44), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the second glass substrate.

Aspect (46) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (44) or Aspect (45), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the minor surface of the glass substrate.

Aspect (47) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (44) or Aspect (45), wherein the minor surface of the glass substrate is not surrounded by the frame.

Aspect (48) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (44), wherein the frame comprises an L-shape.

Aspect (49) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(48), wherein either one of or both the first major surface and the second major surface comprises a surface treatment.

Aspect (50) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (49), wherein the surface treatment covers at least a portion of the first major surface and the second major surface.

Aspect (51) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (49) or Aspect (50), wherein the surface treatment comprises any one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

Aspect (52) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (51), wherein the surface treatment comprises at least two of any one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

Aspect (53) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (52), wherein the first major surface comprises the anti-glare surface and the second major surface comprises the anti-reflective surface.

Aspect (54) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (52), wherein the first major surface comprises the anti-reflective surface and the second major surface comprises the anti-glare surface.

Aspect (55) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (52), wherein the first major surface comprises either one of or both the anti-glare surface and the anti-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises the pigment design.

Aspect (56) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (52), wherein the pigment design is disposed on at least a portion of the periphery and the interior portion is substantially free of the pigment design.

Aspect (57) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (51)-(56), wherein the pigment design comprises any one of a wood-grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, and a logo.

Aspect (58) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (51)-(57), wherein the anti-glare surface comprises an etched surface, and wherein the anti-reflective surface comprises a multi-layer coating.

Aspect (59) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(58), further comprising touch functionality.

Aspect (60) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(59), wherein the base comprises any one of a center console, a dashboard, an arm rest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor board, a headrest, a door panel, and a steering wheel.

Aspect (61) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(60), wherein the vehicle is any one of an automobile, a seacraft, and an aircraft.

Aspect (62) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(61), wherein the second radius of curvature is disposed in an area of the second major surface that is opposite to an area of the first major surface at which the adhesive has an elevated adhesive stress.

Aspect (63) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (62), wherein the elevated adhesive stress is above an average adhesive stress of the adhesive over an area of the first major surface of the cold-formed glass substrate.

Aspect (64) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (62), wherein the elevated adhesive stress is an area of maximum adhesive stress in the adhesive over an area of the first major surface.

Aspect (65) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (62), wherein the elevated adhesive stress is an area of a local maximum adhesive stress in the adhesive over an area of the first major surface.

Aspect (66) of this disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system comprising a base having a curved surface; a glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width; and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less, wherein the second major surface comprises a first area having a cold-formed curved surface including a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater, and wherein the second major surface comprises a second area having a hot-formed curved surface including a second radius of curvature.

Aspect (67) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (66), further comprising a display module attached to the first major surface and comprising a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature.

Aspect (68) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (66) or Aspect (67), wherein the width is in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length is from about 5 cm to about 250 cm.

Aspect (69) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(68), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate is strengthened.

Aspect (70) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (67)-(69), wherein the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.

Aspect (71) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(70), wherein the adhesive is optically clear.

Aspect (72) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (66) or Aspect (67), wherein the glass substrate comprises a periphery adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the periphery of the second major surface and the display module.

Aspect (73) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(72), wherein the display module comprises a second glass substrate and a backlight unit, wherein the second glass substrate is disposed adjacent the first major surface and between the backlight unit and the first major surface, and wherein the backlight unit is optionally curved to exhibit the second radius of curvature.

Aspect (74) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (73), wherein the second glass substrate comprises a cold-formed second glass substrate.

Aspect (75) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (73) or Aspect (74), wherein the display module further comprises a frame at least partially surrounding the backlight unit.

Aspect (76) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (75), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the second glass substrate.

Aspect (77) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (75) or Aspect (76), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the minor surface of the glass substrate.

Aspect (78) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (75) or Aspect (76), wherein the minor surface of the glass substrate is not surrounded by the frame.

Aspect (79) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (75), wherein the frame comprises an L-shape.

Aspect (80) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(79), wherein either one of or both the first major surface and the second major surface comprises a surface treatment.

Aspect (81) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (80), wherein the surface treatment covers at least a portion of the first major surface and the second major surface.

Aspect (82) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (80) or Aspect (81), wherein the surface treatment comprises any one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

Aspect (83) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (82), wherein the surface treatment comprises at least two of any one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

Aspect (84) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (83), wherein the first major surface comprises the anti-glare surface and the second major surface comprises the anti-reflective surface.

Aspect (85) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (83), wherein the first major surface comprises the anti-reflective surface and the second major surface comprises the anti-glare surface.

Aspect (86) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (83), wherein the first major surface comprises either one of or both the anti-glare surface and the anti-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises the pigment design.

Aspect (87) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (83), wherein the pigment design is disposed on at least a portion of the periphery and the interior portion is substantially free of the pigment design.

Aspect (88) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (82)-(87), wherein the pigment design comprises any one of a wood-grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, and a logo.

Aspect (89) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (82)-(88), wherein the anti-glare surface comprises an etched surface, and wherein the anti-reflective surface comprises a multi-layer coating.

Aspect (90) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(89), further comprising touch functionality.

Aspect (91) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(90), wherein the base comprises any one of a center console, a dashboard, an arm rest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor board, a headrest, a door panel, and a steering wheel.

Aspect (92) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(91), wherein the vehicle is any one of an automobile, a seacraft, and an aircraft.

Aspect (93) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(92), wherein the second radius of curvature is smaller than the first radius of curvature.

Aspect (94) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(93), wherein the second radius of curvature is less than 500 mm.

Aspect (95) of this disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (94), wherein the second radius of curvature is about 100 mm or less.

Aspect (96) of this disclosure pertains to a method of forming a curved vehicle interior component comprising: hot-forming a first area of a glass substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface to a first radius of curvature as measured on the second major surface; and cold-forming a second area of the glass substrate to a second radius of curvature as measured on the second major surface, the second area being different than the first area.

Aspect (97) of this disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (96), further comprising laminating a display module to the first major surface while maintaining the second radius of curvature in the glass substrate to form a curved display, wherein the display module has a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the second radius of curvature.

Aspect (98) of this disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (96), wherein cold-forming the glass substrate comprises applying a vacuum to the second major surface to generate the second radius of curvature.

Aspect (99) of this disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (97), wherein applying the vacuum comprises placing the glass substrate on a vacuum fixture before applying the vacuum to the second major surface.

Aspect (100) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (96)-(98), further comprising laminating an adhesive to the first major surface before laminating the display module to the first major surface such that the adhesive is disposed between the first major surface and the display module.

Aspect (101) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (96)-(100), wherein laminating a display module comprises laminating a second glass substrate to the glass substrate; and attaching a backlight unit to the second glass substrate, wherein the backlight unit is optionally curved to exhibit the third radius of curvature.

Aspect (102) of this disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (101), wherein laminating the second glass substrate comprises cold-forming the second glass substrate.

Aspect (103) of this disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (101) or Aspect (102), further comprising attaching a frame with the backlight unit to the second glass substrate.

Aspect (104) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (101)-(103), wherein the adhesive is disposed between the second glass substrate and the glass substrate.

Aspect (105) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of any one of Aspects (97)-(104), further comprising removing the vacuum from the second major surface.

Aspect (106) of this disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (105), wherein removing the vacuum from the second major surface comprises removing the curved display from the vacuum fixture.

Aspect (107) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (95)-(106), wherein the glass substrate has a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less.

Aspect (108) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (95)-(107), wherein the glass substrate is strengthened.

Aspect (109) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (101)-(108), wherein the second glass substrate is unstrengthened.

Aspect (110) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (101)-(109), wherein the second glass substrate has a thickness that is greater than a thickness of the glass substrate.

Aspect (111) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspect (96)-(110), wherein the second radius of curvature is in a range from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm.

Aspect (112) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (99)-(111), wherein the adhesive has a thickness of about 1 mm or less.

Aspect (113) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (96)-(112), further comprising disposing the curved display in a vehicle interior system.

Aspect (114) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (96)-(113), wherein the first radius of curvature is less than the second radius of curvature.

Aspect (115) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (96)-(114), wherein the first radius of curvature is about 100 mm or less.

Aspect (116) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (96)-(115), wherein the hot-forming of the first area occurs before the cold-forming of the second area.

Aspect (117) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (96)-(116), further comprising treating at least one of the first major surface and the second major surface with a surface treatment after the hot-forming.

Aspect (118) of this disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (117), wherein the surface treatment covers at least a portion of the first major surface and the second major surface.

Aspect (119) of this disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (117) or Aspect (118), wherein the surface treatment comprises at least one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

Aspect (120) of this disclosure pertains to the method of any one of Aspects (96)-(119), wherein, during cold-forming, a maximum temperature of the glass substrate is less than a glass transition temperature of the glass substrate.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A vehicle interior system comprising a base having a curved surface; a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width; an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate; and at least one stress-reduction component in a location that reduces an amount of adhesive stress in one or more areas of the adhesive; wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less, the width is in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length is from about 5 cm to about 250 cm wherein the at least one stress-reduction component comprises one of an area of the curved surface comprising a radius of curvature that is larger than that of another area of the curved surface and a hot-formed area of the cold-formed glass substrate, and wherein the second major surface comprises a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater.
 2. The vehicle interior system of claim 1, further comprising a display module attached to the first major surface and comprising a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature.
 3. The vehicle interior system of claim 2, wherein the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.
 4. The vehicle interior system of claim 2, wherein the glass substrate comprises a periphery adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the periphery of the second major surface and the display module.
 5. The vehicle interior system of claim 1, wherein the location of the at least one stress-reduction component comprises an edge of the first major surface.
 6. A vehicle interior system comprising a base having a curved surface; a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposing the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces orthogonal to both the thickness and the width; and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less, the width is in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length is from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, wherein the second major surface comprises a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater, and wherein the second major surface comprises a second radius of curvature that is greater than the first radius of curvature, wherein the first radius of curvature is disposed proximate to a first curved area of the curved surface, wherein the second radius of curvature is disposed proximate to a second curved area of the curved surface, wherein the first curved area extends from the second curved area, wherein the first and second curved areas are curved along the same direction.
 7. The vehicle interior system of claim 6, further comprising a display module attached to the first major surface and comprising a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature.
 8. The vehicle interior system of claim 7, wherein the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.
 9. The vehicle interior system of claim 7, wherein the glass substrate comprises a periphery adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the periphery of the second major surface and the display module.
 10. The vehicle interior system of claim 6, wherein the second radius of curvature is disposed in an area of the second major surface that is opposite to an area of the first major surface at which the adhesive has an above average adhesive stress. 